Research Article - (2022) Volume 9, Issue 7
Received: Mar 08, 2022, Manuscript No. JEBMH-22-50958; Editor assigned: Mar 11, 2022, Pre QC No. JEBMH-22-50958(PQ); Reviewed: Mar 25, 2022, QC No. JEBMH-22-50958; Revised: Mar 30, 2022, Manuscript No. JEBMH-22-50958(R); Published: Apr 05, 2022, DOI: 10.18410/jebmh/2022/09.07.44
Citation: Sunar S, Kuma J. Prevalence of Halitosis among Patients Who Smoke. J Evid Based Med Healthc 2022;9(7):44.
Halitosis is the common term used to define an unpleasant or an offensive odor in expired air, regardless of whether it originates from oral or non-oral sources. Other terms include bad breath, foul breath, breath odor, foul smells, foetor ex ore, breath malodor, oral malodor or offensive breath. Halitosis can be caused by several intra-oral and extra-oral factors. Oral sources of halitosis mentioned in the literature are tongue coating, periodontal disease, extensive carious lesions with exposed tooth pulps, pericoronitis, mucosal ulcerations and diseases, impacted food and debris, unclean dentures, decreased salivary flow rate, and habitual mouth breathing, the latter especially in children. Halitosis is the general term used to describe any disagreeable odour in expired air, regardless of whether the odorous substances originate from oral or non-oral sources. Other names used are fetor ex ore, fetor oris, bad or foul breath, breath malodour, and oral malodour. Halitosis refers to unpleasant breath from the mouth and it is divided in three categories: genuine halitosis, pseudo halitosis and halitophobia. There are several causes of bad breath including those resulting from a systemic or nasopharyngeal pathology or condition, the main source of most halitosis is the oral cavity. Non-oral sources of breath odour are generally related to systemic problems and/or medications including conditions such as diabetes, liver and kidney disorders, and pulmonary disease. Some medications, especially those that reduce salivary flow such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, narcotics, decongestants, antihistamines, and antihypertensive drugs contribute towards non-oral sources of breath odor. The main cause of halitosis is due to lifestyle related habits like smoking, drinking etc. Smoking is one of the main causes for halitosis. Temporary and transitory factors such as diet containing garlic, onion and pepper. This is a retrospective clinical study carried out at Sabetha Dental College. The data were taken from June 2019 to February 2021. A total of 16 samples were collected. The aim of the study is to analyze the prevalence of halitosis among patients who smoke. Within the limitations of the study it can be concluded that there is a high prevalence of Halitosis among patients who smoke.
Halitosis, Smokes, Stains, Cigarettes, Alcohol
Halitosis is the common term used to define an unpleasant or an offensive odor in expired air, regardless of whether it originates from oral or non-oral sources. Other terms include bad breath, foul breath, breath odor, foul smells, foetor ex ore, breath malodor, oral malodor or offensive breath. Halitosis can be caused by several intra-oral and extra-oral factors.1 Oral sources of halitosis mentioned in the literature are tongue coating, periodontal disease, extensive carious lesions with exposed tooth pulps, pericoronitis, mucosal ulcerations and diseases, impacted food and debris, unclean dentures, decreased salivary flow rate, and habitual mouth breathing, the latter especially in children.2 Halitosis is the general term used to describe any disagreeable odour in expired air, regardless of whether the odorous substances originate from oral or non-oral sources. Other names used are fetor ex ore, fetor oris, bad or foul breath, breath malodour, and oral malodour. Halitosis refers to unpleasant breath from the mouth and it is divided in three categories: genuine halitosis, pseudo halitosis and halitophobia.3-7 There are several causes of bad breath including those resulting from a systemic or nasopharyngeal pathology or condition, the main source of most halitosis is the oral cavity. Non-oral sources of breath odour are generally related to systemic problems and/or medications including conditions such as diabetes, liver and kidney disorders, and pulmonary disease. Some medications, especially those that reduce salivary flow such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, narcotics, decongestants, antihistamines, and antihypertensive drugs contribute towards non-oral sources of breath odor. The main cause of halitosis is due to lifestyle related habits like smoking, drinking etc. Smoking is one of the main causes for halitosis. In healthy subjects, tongue coating is by far the most important source of malodor, most of the odor coming from the dorso-posterior surface of the tongue where the crypts are the favored sites for growth of the anaerobic bacteria responsible for halitosis. In approximately 85 % of patients with persistent genuine halitosis, the odour originates from the mouth and is mainly caused by anaerobic microorganisms. Volatile sulfur compounds such as methyl mercaptan, hydrogen sulphide, which are produced by anaerobic microorganisms, are thought to be the primary causes of halitosis. Some investigators believe that besides VSC, other volatiles produced by oral putrefaction processes such as organic acids, ammonia, and amines may also cause oral malodor.7-15
This is a retrospective clinical study, carried out at Saveetha Dental College. This study involves the analysis of the most frequently extracted teeth (quadrant wise). The sample / data were taken over a period of one year and seven months from June 2019 to February 2021. Ethical Approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board. Approximately 86000 patient records between June 2019 and February 2021 were assessed and data were retrieved.16
Inclusion criteria:
• Age (patient age between 18 and above 50 years)
• Gender
• Patient with smoking habits
• Patient having halitosis
Exclusion criteria:
• Systemic disease
• Medication variation seen in different ethnicities, gender and races.
• Patient undergoing extraction of deciduous teeth.
A total of 16 samples / data were collected and assessed for age, gender, smoking habit, halitosis. Collected data was tabulated in the excel sheet. The data were imported and transcribed in Statistical Analysis Package for Social Science, version 20 (SPSS) by IBM. Descriptive Analysis was based on quantitative variables and frequencies for categorical variables (p value < 0.005).17 Sixty subjects were selected for study; thirty parturients to each group. Sixty five percentage of the subjects were between the age of 21 to 30 years (n = 22 in Ondansetron group and n = 17 in the Saline group). The mean age of patients in the Saline and Ondansetron group was 28.2 and 27.43 years respectively. The difference in the mean age between the two groups had no statistical significance (p -value: 0.498). The mean weight of patients in the Saline and Ondansetron groups was 58.53 and 57.97 kilograms respectively. The difference in mean weight between the two groups had no statistical significance (p - value: 0.663). The ASA of all 60 patients in the study was II. The participants of both groups had comparable hemodynamic variables like baseline Heart Rate (HR), baseline Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), baseline Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) and baseline Mean Arterial blood Pressure (MAP) with no statistically significant difference (p - value: 0.751, p - value: 0.506, p-value: 0.745 and p - value: 0.619 respectively).18-21
Smoking is one of the leading causes of halitosis. Halitosis is a term used to describe any undesirable odor in expired air, regardless of whether the odorous substance originated from an oral or non-oral source. Bad breath is not only a personal problem but also affects the public as it occurs within a social and cultural context and it affects one's body image and self-confidence.22-26 In this study we observed that the prevalence of halitosis was higher in the age group 26 to in this study we observed that the prevalence of halitosis was higher in the age group 26 - 45years and 46 - 55 years which is consistent with another study age group increases prevalence of halitosis increases. This is mainly due to an unhealthy lifestyle and poor oral hygiene. According to this study in the age group 26 to 45 years and 46 to 55 years there are 18.7 5 % smokers each respectively and 12.50 % are non-smokers in the age group 26 to 45 years and 46 to 55 years. However it was statistically not significant which is consistent with other studies In this study 56.25 % of the patient Who had halitosis had a habit of smoking and 43.75 % of the patient or non-smokers smoking is one of the main factor for health assist the uniqueness of the study is that it helps us to understand the prevalence of halitosis among the patient who is more just got includes study of a larger population.27-30
Our study indicates that prophylactic Ondansetron at a dose of 4 mg reduces the incidence of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean delivery. There were also significant reductions in the number of hypotensive episodes in the ondansetron group in comparison to the saline group. Ondansetron use also benefited from a decrease in the need to use of vasopressor agents to maintain haemodynamic stability in the Ondansetron group (Figure 1 and 2).
Figure 1. : This graph shows the association of halitosis and age where blue represents age group 15-25 years, red represents 26-45 years, yellow represents 46-55years and green represents above 55 years. The x axis denotes age and y axis denotes halitosis. In this graph most patients with halitosis are in the age group 26-45 years 31.25% and 46-55years 31.25%.
Figure 2. Bar graphs represent age wise distribution of smoking and non smoking patients, blue represents smoking patients and green represents non smoking patients. The x axis denotes age and y axis denotes counts of smoking and non smoking patients.
This could be a simple, cost-effective method to counter-act the troublesome side effect of maternal hypotension after spinal anesthesia for an elective caesarean section in the developing countries. Further studies with larger samples and varying doses of ondansetron are needed. Other maternal and foetal outcome measures like incidences of post-operative nausea, vomiting, foetal acidosis, APGAR scores in patients receiving ondansetron is also necessary to understand the safety profile of this technique (Figure 3).31-33
Figure 3. This graph represents patients with halitosis wise distribution of smoking and non smoking patients. Blue represents smoking patients and green represents non smoking patients. The x axis denotes age and y axis denotes counts of smoking and non smoking patients.
Within the limits of the study the prevalence of halitosis among the patients who smoke is quite high the most common age group with halitosis which smoking habit were 26 to 45 years and 46 to 55 years smoking situation resolved or eliminate halitosis at a practical level it is important to educate the patient or the individual about the adverse effects of smoking on oral cavity.
[Cross Ref][Google Scholar][Indexed At] 2018; 46:119–130.
